How Co-op Programs Work at Canadian Universities

What to expect, how co-op differs from internships, and how programs vary by school.

Why does co‑op matter? The short version is you likely want a job after you graduate university, and gaining experience beforehand makes getting a job a lot easier.

Co‑op is one of the most common ways to gain paid, real-world experience during your degree. However, not all co‑op programs are the same, which is why it’s important to understand the differences.

Here’s how co‑op works, how it compares to internships, and what differences to watch for when comparing universities.

What is co‑op?

Co‑op programs combine academic study terms with paid, full‑time work terms, allowing you to build experience throughout your degree — not just after graduation.

Co‑ops vs. internships

It’s common to hear the words co‑op and internship used as if they mean the same thing, but they’re not. While both involve gaining work experience during your degree, they differ in structure, timing, and purpose. Understanding these differences can help you decide which type of experience fits your goals.

• Timing: co‑op happens multiple times; internships typically happen once (often in the summer)
• Structure: co‑op is built into degree requirements; internships are often optional
• Pay: co‑op is usually paid; internships vary and can often be unpaid

Learn more about the differences between co‑ops and internships here.

How co‑op can vary by university

Co‑op programs can look quite different from one university to another, so it’s important to understand what may vary.

At many Canadian universities, co‑op roles must be strictly aligned with your field of study. Some institutions take a more flexible approach. At the University of Waterloo, for example, co‑op jobs are still industry-related but can include a broader range of roles, giving you the chance to explore different career paths while still gaining relevant experience.

Here are some of the areas where co‑op programs can differ:

• Program timeline: Co‑op can start as early as first year at some universities, while others introduce work terms later or offer fewer total placements.
• Admission into co‑op: At some schools, you’re admitted to co‑op when you accept your offer. Others require a separate application after you start your degree, and admission may not be guaranteed.
• How you find jobs: Some universities expect you to apply and secure your own co‑op positions, while others offer structured job portals, matching systems, or even placements.
• Employer networks: Universities differ in the size and reach of their employer connections, ranging from local and regional partners to national and international opportunities.
• Fees: Some schools charge additional co‑op or work‑term fees, which can differ by program.
• Student support: Levels of support vary, including access to job portals, employer matching, and interview preparation.

What to expect as a co‑op student at Waterloo

At Waterloo, you’ll apply for jobs through WaterlooWorks, a job board with 8,000+ employers. The co‑op model follows a study, work, repeat cycle, and you’ll alternate between school and work terms, building strong time‑management skills. Waterloo’s network includes employers in more than 70 countries, giving you access to many industries and opportunities. Co‑op jobs are paid, helping many students cover school and living costs.

Want to learn more about co-op at Waterloo? Watch the recording of our most recent webinar, 'your co-op questions answered' here!